Owls Do Cry by Janet Frame

And listening to their father say about Francie, the children felt afraid, as if suddenly the walls of the house would collapse and the roof disappear and leave them, naked, with nothing to shut them away from the world, and the  world in one stride would walk in and take possession of them, holding them tight in his hand of rock and lava, as if they were insects, and they would have to struggle and kick and fight to escape and make their way. and each time they made their way and the world had dropped them for a while to a peaceful hiding place, it would again seize them with a burning one of its million hands, and the struggle would begin again and again and go on and on and never finish.

The Withers family of Waimaru, New Zealand: Father Bob and Mother Amy, and the children, Francie, Toby, Chicks, Daphne. Each of them grows up among the stultifying conformity of this small town in their own way, each a little strange. Toby is an epileptic, and his disease puts him outside the bounds of normal society; he grows up to work in the "tip," the garbage dump, where as a child he used to hunt for treasures. Chicks is a little strange in her vicious insistence on being normal; her section of Owls Do Cry is a long journal in which she confesses her desire to fit in with the respectable neighbor company, until she learns that one respectable neighbor has respectably murdered another one. As the oldest, Francie is the first to grow up into this world and face a life of working at the woollen mill, where the local lower-middle-class is condemned to its particular shape of narrow life. It's Francie who is the first to learn of the "time of living" in which people are slotted by life into their little niches:

But in all her knowing, she had not learned of the time of living, the unseen always, when people are like the marbles in the fun alley at the show; and a gaudy circumstance will squeeze payment from their cringing and poverty-stricken fate, to give him the privilege of rolling them into the bright or dark box, till they drop into one of the little painted holes, their niche, it is called, and there roll their lives around and around in a frustrating circle.

Here I will issue the customary SPOILER ALERT because I have to talk about the moment that I knew Janet Frame's novel was something special: after a quarter of the book devoted to Francie and her the particular struggles of her coming of age, she accidentally falls down the side of the garbage dump, where she's taken her siblings to forage, into a garbage fire, and dies. It's Francie's death that makes her strange, that puts her outside the margins of society and makes her like Toby, and it continues to haunt the other three siblings as they grow up. To Daphne, the youngest sibling, who spends most of the novel inside a mental institution, Francie never really dies. Daphne's mental state is not one that understands or permits death, at least not in the usual way. There's something incredibly bold about including both Toby and Daphne, and whether they differ in the unusualness of their perspective by kind or degree, I'm not really sure.

Daphne's story has a special resonance when you know a little about Janet Frame, the legendary Kiwi author. In and out of institutions herself for much of her life, Frame was scheduled to undergo a lobotomy when she received notification that a collection of her stories had been accepted for publication, the news of which made her doctors decide maybe it would be better not to remove a hunk of her brain. Daphne undergoes the procedure that Frame never did, and her final section of the book--in which her father comes to visit her, for the first time in years, right before the operation--is one of the book's most shocking and original moments.

Owls Do Cry blew me away. It reminded me a little of Patrick White, her counterpart across the Tasman Sea, who also wrote about altered states of understanding and the way epiphany emerges amid the repressive qualities of modern middle-class life. It reminded me, too, of N. Scott Momaday in the way that Frame folds in multiple modes and points-of-view that vary the voice and tone, like Chicks' diary. But it reminded me, too, of the great modern masters like Joyce--if what this is is "stream-of-consciousness," it's among the best of it. I found Owls Do Cry in turns shocking, tragic, bewildering, and profoundly funny. One of my favorite experiences every year is discovering a new author that makes me say, I want to read everything they've ever read, and Janet Frame is one of two for me this year, along with Rikki Ducornet. Really looking forward to that.

Three Books About Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has been called the oldest colony in the world. While some people contest that statement, Puerto Rico's history is marked by five centuries of colonialism, stretching from 1493 to the present day. Colonialism has shaped the ways that Puerto Ricans conceptualize themselves, their politics, and their ideas of the nation. This book argues that we cannot understand Puerto Rico's current fiscal, political, and social crises without recognizing its colonial reality.

I took three books with me on my recent trip to Puerto Rico. The first was Jorell Melendez-Badillo's Puerto Rico: A National History, a general history of the island from the days of the Taino to the present. For "the world's oldest colony," such a history holds few surprises: the island was colonized by the Spanish beginning with Columbus, and its position made it a key stronghold in the Caribbean as well as a producer of, at various times, sugar cane and coffee. Despite a few skirmishes, the Spanish held the island without interruption until the Spanish-American War, when it was seized by the United States, who have never let it go. This history has put Puerto Rico in a strange place: though it's developed its own national identity, part of that identity is that it never really has had any kind of self-determination.

One thing Melendez-Badillo makes clear is that one of the primary fault lines, if not the primary fault line, in Puerto Rican society is the question of its status. Are you for continuing with the commonwealth status quo? Are you for statehood, or for independence? Melendez-Badillo makes it clear where he stands on the issue by focusing largely on the history of the Puerto Rican labor movement and independentista activism. Far be it from me to label something "too woke," but this is, in the end, a book that counts a twerking protest on the steps of the capitolio as a historical watershed of the same order as the American invasion. I thought it also did a good job of capturing the fact of "circular migration," by which the Puerto Rican diaspora in the United States cycles back to the island, and how that affects ideals of a national identity. But for the most part, I found that the book was heavy on the this-then-that of history and struggled to articulate larger patterns or themes, including the five hundred year impact of colonialism that is the center of its thesis.

There was a Sears catalogue in every middle-class home in Ponce at that time. Like most families on the island, ours was divided politically. Carmita and Carlos were for statehood, whereas Abby was defiantly Independentista. But we all liked to browse through the Sears catalogue. Having it at hand was reassuring--proof that Puerto Rico was an inseparable part of the United States. We weren't like Haiti or the Dominican Republic, where people still hadn't heard of the telephone and kept food fresh in wooden crates with blocks of ice instead of in General Electric refrigerators. Thanks to the Sears catalogue we had the same access as the people of Kansas and Louisiana to the latest inventions and home appliances, and we could import them to the States without paying taxes. The cardboard boxes and crates came by ship from "el Norte" and took months to get to the island, but when you opened them up, you felt the invigorating cool air of the United States trapped inside like a breath of fresh air against your face.

But maybe I'm just a fiction guy. Much more informative and illustrative of Puerto Rican history was, I thought, Rosario Ferre's novel The House on the Lagoon. It's a familiar kind of book these days: a multigenerational history of a single family in a slightly "exotic" locale. But I thought it introduced a few interesting touches to this paradigm: The House on the Lagoon takes the shape of a book written by Isabel Monfort Mendizabal about the history of her family and that of her husband, Quintin Mendizabal. The Mendizabals, we're told, are an upper class Puerto Rican family whose paterfamilias, Buenaventura, is proud of his (spurious) Spanish nobility. Buenaventura lives through the passage of Puerto Rico's Spanish era to its American one, and is always ready to use it to his commercial advantage. The "House on the Lagoon" is a mid-century modernist construction that is emblematic of Buenaventura's wealth and power.

The question of statehood vs. independence looms. Quintin is an inveterate statehood supporter, while Isabel tends toward independence. Although Ferre shows how different attitudes exist even within families, there's a clear sense that statehood is the choice of the upper-class, whose relationship with the United States, like their relationship with Spain beforehand, is to their commercial advantage. But Ferre is skeptical, too, of the violence embraced by some independentistas: Quintin and Isabel's sons become mixed up in a terroristic nationalistic cell that threatens to bring down the Mendizabal family fortune. What makes the novel most interesting is that Ferre includes interstitial scenes in which Quintin, having discovered Isabel's novel, can't help writing his own version in the margins that flatters his own sense of how history has unfolded. Quintin is allowed to "talk back" to Isabel, but the novel is far from treating the two attitudes as balanced; in fact, we come to understand that the novel itself is Isabel's way of finding a voice that the domineering Quintin has never let her have. Beyond this there's little in the way of metafictional tricks or even stirring prose, but I thought The House on the Lagoon captured something fundamental about the history Melendez-Badillo writes about it in a gripping and specific way.

I also consider that these messages, which seem to arrive on sunbeams or on the wind, could surely only happen here, that they're a form that life takes on in San Juan. Like this, like writing at this table with a tangle of feelings lashing out against the ocean that separates us from everything and everybody, even our friends, such as Diego. For some reason we've chosen to talk without looking at ourselves, without knowing for sure who we are, without any real contact. The routine of the city: solitude drives down the highways, making pit stops at twenty-four hour gas stations.

Eduardo Lalo's Simone takes the trio of novels up to modern-day San Juan, and it's certainly the most literary and accomplished of the three. Lalo's narrator is a Puerto Rican writer who struggles with feelings of anomie and disconnection: the first quarter or so of the novel, which are little more than single-paragraph vignettes of a drifting life in San Juan, is a real high point. The writer begins to receive messages from a mysterious stranger, each one consisting of a quotation from some other text. The quotations reinvigorate him, giving him something to search for. Eventually he discovers that they are written by a Li, a worker at a Chinese restaurant. They begin a strange and not-quite-satisfying affair--Li insists she is a lesbian--that forces the writer to confront his understanding of himself.

Simone--named for Simone Weil, one of the personas Li adopts in her messages--draws a parallel between the life of a Puerto Rican and an immigrant like Li. Li may feel isolated and atomized by being an extreme minority in Puerto Rico, but to be Puerto Rican is itself a kind if isolating, atomizing position, a nowherehood. Lalo makes his interests clear in a long passage where the writer and his colleague get into a passionate argument with a smug writer from Spain. I thought this was all very interesting, and captured a psychological side of the same historical processes that interest both Melendez-Badillo and Ferre. But neither does Lalo sacrifice the specificity of the protagonist and his relationship with Li, which I found to be affectingly and tenderly drawn, even as it unfolds toward what we expect is its doom. As the novel brings the narrator and Li together, and then tears them apart again, it becomes slightly more conventional, but still effective and touching.

Lili is Crying by Helene Bessette

He is dragging his wife along the hot road in the shadowless evening.
He is shouting:
--You'll have to choose, it's me or her.
--She's my mother, sobs Lili, I choose my mother.
--Naturally, Lili, she is your mother, and its a great shame, but if you want to see her again, you'll have to do it without me there. A separation, Lili. This evening, I broke up with my mother-in-law.
He cracks a match. He lights a cigarette, leaning forward, cupping his hands around his mouth.
He's a man.
And this evening he's fighting.
This troubled evening.
This tormented evening.
This tearful evening.
This cigarettes evening.
Lily is crying.
He hates to see Lili cry.
And so he gets angry.

Lili is Crying takes place in Provence during the early 20th century. Lili is a young woman living with her domineering and possessive mother, Charlotte, who runs a small boarding house. Charlotte is suspicious and resentful of any suitor of Lili's, regarding them as thieves who want to take her daughter away from her. To Charlotte, a mother should enough for Lili--a patently ridiculous thing to believe about the life of a young woman, but a belief with long-reaching consequences. Eventually, Lili marries a man who has no idea the trap he's walking into, how Charlotte will rage against him simply because she took her daughter away, and much of the novel is a back-and-forth between Charlotte and Lili's husband in which one demands that Lili choose them over the other. No wonder Lili is crying. "There are so many ways to love a daughter," Bessette writes, "And how well she could have loved her daughter, that mother Charlotte. There are thirty-six right ways. (But she chose the thirty-seventh.)"

This impossible dynamic is solved, in a way, when the man is taken away by the Nazis and sent to Dachau. In his absence, Lili and her mother become entangled again, and though the man eventually comes back, he struggles to realize that he has lost Lili's affections entirely in his absence. He's rich, in a way, having filled his pockets with the jewels and other affects that the dead of Dachau will no longer need, but Charlotte threatens to turn him into the authorities for this--all of which is a particularly bitter image of the life that those who managed to come back from the Nazi camps might have found. There's no place for Lili's husband; his absence was like a vacuum that has been filled. This culminates in a dalliance between Lili--who is now in her 40's--and a simple-minded shepherd who is thirteen years younger. Life at Charlotte's side has made Lili stunted, and an ordinary life seems to have passed her by; she has aged without ever really having the normal married life she dreamed of.

Helene Bessette was a member of Oulipo, the French school of "potential literature" founded by Raymond Queneau that prized wordplay and "constrained" writing. Lili is Crying is not so playful or experimental as some of what the Oulipians produced, but you can see the influence in her language. The novel unfolds almost like a poem of strung dialogue, sometimes demarcated by dashes when a speaker changes. The line between what characters think and what they say is not always clear. Its simple, staccato phrasing provides a grounding of the strangeness and tragedy of the story, which i found very affecting.

Baltasar and Blimunda by Jose Saramago

Every man follows his own path in search of grace, whatever that grace may be, a simple landscape with the sky overhead, a certain hour of the day or night, two trees, three if they are painted by Rembrandt, a sigh, without our knowing whether this closes or finally opens the path or where the path my lead us, whether to some other landscape, hour, tree, or sigh, behold this priest who is about to cast out one God and replace him with another, without knowing whether this new allegiance will do him any good in the end, behold this musician who would find it impossible to compose any other kind of music and who will no longer be alive a hundred years from now to hear that first symphony, which is mistakenly referred to as the Ninth, behold this one-handed soldier who has ironically become a manufacturer of wings, though he has never risen to being more than a common foot soldier, man rarely knows what to expect from life, this man least of all, behold this woman with those extraordinary eyes, who was born to perceive wills...

Medieval Portugal. Baltasar is a former soldier who has lost his hand in Portugal's wars, replacing it with a spike or a hook, whichever is most useful. Blimunda is the daughter of a woman exiled by the Inquisition, and she has her own secret that it would be best that the Inquisitors not discover: she can see into people. When she looks into a person--which she must be fasting to do, therefore she eats a crust of bread every morning before opening her eyes so she will not pry into Baltasar--she sees mostly guts, but also a black cloud that is the human will. These two unlikely people find each other and fall in love.

This romance is set against the construction of a great cathedral in Baltasar's hometown of Mafra, to celebrate the birth of the princess of Portugal. It's a process that takes years and a lot of labor; one of the best scenes--if something as long as the Saramagian single-sentence gauntlets can be called a "scene"--is when Baltasar is put in charge of moving a giant stone miles and miles from the quarry to the cathedral, a task that crushes a man to death and maims others. Much of the historical background is drawn from life, including the figure of Dominic Scarlatti, the famous musician who spent time at Portugal's court, and Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, a Brazil-born priest who invented a primitive flying machine called the Passarola. Baltasar and Blimunda become Father Lourenço's accomplices, and they alone know how the machine really works: with the upward thrust of the wills that Blimunda has collected from the dying.

The Passarola flies only a couple of times, partly because it seems to be impossible to steer, or land. But long after it's crashed in the woods outside of Mafra and the Father Lourenço disappeared, Baltasar and Blimunda continue to tend to it, repairing it and restoring it. For what? Perhaps its power is mostly symbolic: it represents a kind of dream kept in reserve, the power of the will to help one rise above the station of the common person, who is so pushed around by the powerful, as Baltasar is with his heavy stone, or Blimunda, with her mother in exile. For these themes, I found Baltasar and Blimunda very moving, and I enjoyed the richness of its evocation of medieval Portugal, though Saramago is not an easy read, and the circuitous, comma-packed sentences keeps one at a remove from the immediacy of the story. Still, it's hard to emerge from Baltasar and Blimunda without feeling as if you've been invested in something both impossibly clever and impossibly rich, and the ending, I felt, was remarkably affecting and sad.

The Nenoquich by Henry Bean

Now we are together nearly every day except weekends, which she says are torture, and gradually she arrives earlier and leaves later until it seems she goes home only to eat, sleep and sign in. How could Joshua not know? One morning she appeared at ten-thirty with a picnic lunch in a wicker basket, and I thought, my God, this woman is going to eat me, she will eat my entire life, doesn't she have anything else to do with herself? She was disappointed when I said I had to work until noon. Had to? She didn't think I had to, and couldn't today be an exception? It could not. Angry and hurt, this was Joshua all over again, said she'd wait downstairs. I stared at the page for fifteen minutes, weighing the discipline of work against the discipline of flexibility, found the latter more difficult, and, in this instance, truer to an ethic that, if I could not practice in my life, I would not be able to depict in my work--so that ultimately both principles led one way, and I turned off the lamp.

Writer Harold Raab begins an obsession with Charlotte Cobin, a married woman, in an unusual way, not by meeting her or even seeing her, but by hearing her briefly discussed on the telephone. His roommate says to someone else: "Well, she's mad about him isn't she? At least in the physical sense..." This remark intrigues him so intensely that he maneuvers himself into a parting where Charlotte will be, and slowly peels away her affection from her husband, a doctor. It's almost Machiavellian, and yet Harold's need comes from, we sense, a deep sense of disaffection and alienation from the world. The title, the Nenoquich, refers to an Aztec belief about children born during a handful of intercalendrical days, without purpose or use in life. Harold feels as if he is one of these useless people, different from others somehow, unable to relate to Charlotte in a normal way, but still obsessed with her. It's no surprise that, as soon as he manages to pry her away from her husband, she becomes a burden, as repulsive as once she was attractive.

The Nenoquich is the debut novel of Henry Bean, better known as a screenwriter of movies like Internal Affairs and Basic Instinct 2. His filmography, it must be said, is not really an indicator of the quality of The Nenoquich, which is nuanced and unsettling, and often remarkable in its prose. You get the sense that Bean is not entirely in control; my patience flagged a little bit with the middle of the novel, which is talky and murky. I got the sense that we're supposed to sympathize a little more than Harold than we do, Harold who is, it must be said, a real piece of shit, no matter the depths of his social dysfunction. And the attempts to place his relationship with Charlotte in a larger context of the life of young people in Berkeley, California's post-hippie era made the novel at times too diffuse. But when the novel focuses on the relationship between Harold and Charlotte, it's captivating: sinister, magnetic, and deeply troubling.

It was the novel's last section that really sold me. The novel is framed as a kind of diary-cum-writing-project, and as Harold's relationship with Charlotte finally crumbles, he comes to the symbolic end of a first notebook. The "second notebook" becomes necessary when Harold finds that Charlotte has been in the hospital for an infection that began as a venereal disease. He's had it, too, and it's not clear which of them gave it to the other--a consequence, perhaps, of the permissive approach to sexuality practiced by Henry's generation--but whereas for him it is a regimen of pills and creams, for Charlotte, it becomes a death sentence. Harold is forced to reconnect with Charlotte in her hospital bed, where it becomes increasingly clear that the infection cannot, and that Charlotte is living out the last days of her life. What could have been mawkish or didactic is handled with surprising insight; Bean captures in a really fascinating and tragic way how sickness and death transform us and lead us to new and unexpected states of being. And similarly, I thought this "second notebook" allowed the novel to find its own altered state, to rise above a murky tawdriness and really capture something true.

Mouthful of Birds by Samanta Schweblin

When Sara turned back to us, the bird wasn't there anymore. Her mouth, nose, chin, and both hands were smeared with blood. She smiled sheepishly. Her gigantic mouth arched and opened, and her red teeth made me jump to my feet. I ran to the bathroom, locked the door, and vomited into the toilet.

In "The Digger," a story from Argentine writer Samanta Schweblin's collection Mouthful of Birds, a man rents a vacation house that comes with a digger, a man whose job seems entirely devoted to digging and maintaining a hole in the yard. In a moment when his digger has taken a break, the man accidentally caves in part of the hole, but his attempts to fix it seem to be more inappropriate than the fact that he caved it in--"It's your hole," the digger says menacingly, "you can't dig." That's the whole story. The next story, "Irman," describes a couple who stop at a late night diner to find that the proprietor, a large woman, has died and lays on the kitchen floor, while her--husband? coworker?--Irman struggles to keep the diner going, not able even to reach the ingredients on the high shelves. The couple berate Irman, force him to cook for them, and steal from the diner. These two stories, I think, have something to say about the indignity of labor, the way that people are exploited for the most trivial of needs, or perhaps no needs--simply to enforce a hierarchy of those who pay and those who work.

The digging comes back again in a story called "Underground," in which a traveler hears a story about a town whose children had become obsessed with a large pit. When the children disappear, the townspeople find that he hole has been filled in--become a mound--and they tear up the town's floors in search of their children, who have disappeared into the earth. Perhaps here the digging is a metaphor for death--the mound like a grave, like disturbed earth--or perhaps it is a symbol of the strange and terrifying world in which we are forced to send our children. 

I liked all three of these stories to various degrees: "Irman" is the best of them, with its strange unfolding of menace and neglect. The others work, though they are a little one-note; others in Schweblin's collection I thought failed to really present more than a premise. That includes the title story, about a young girl who eats birds, and stories like "The Merman," about a narrator who falls in love with a Merman. I thought these stories struggled to move past the significance of the premise, and when they tried to become slightly more complex, like the story "Onigiris," that takes in multiple points-of-views of customers and masseuses at a strange spa--more labor--became almost inscrutable. I'm thinking of Mariana Enriquez's The Dangers of Smoking in Bed, another collection of surreal/horror stories from Latin America. I think horror, if that's what these stories, is a genre particularly at risk of not doing enough with its premises, especially in the short story, and I found Mouthful of Birds fairly disappointing compared to Schweblin's novels, which have the space to develop and mutate in more effective ways.